Food:

BIOCHEMICAL INFORMATION for Egg (hen's egg)

Allergen Name:
Gal d 4
Alternatve Allergen Names:
Lysozyme
Allergen Designation:
Minor
Protein Family:
Lysozyme family. Pfam PF00062. Glycoside Hydrolase Family 22.
Sequence Known?:
Yes
Allergen accession No.s:
http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/niceprot.pl?P00698
3D Structure Accession No.:

http://pdbbeta.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3lzt

Other coordinates can be found via http://us.expasy.org/cgi-bin/view-pdb?src=P00698

Calculated Masses:
14313 Da (mature)
Experimental Masses:
14 kDa
Oligomeric Masses:
Monomer
Allergen epitopes:
Human IgE epitopes of lysozyme have not yet been reported.
Allergen stability:
Process, chemical, enzymatic
Lysozyme's stability has been studied by very many methods and in many different conditions. Petersen et al. (2004) [1300] review data on stability as well as reporting that adducts such as sorbitol can significantly stabilise lysozyme. In buffer without adducts, hen egg white lysozyme was found to be most stable in the pH range 3.55.0, where the denaturation temperature is reported to be 7580 °C. However, reduction or shuffling of disulphides strongly destabilises lysozyme (Chang and Li, 2002 [1301]). Lysozyme is resistant to cathepsin D and slowly degaded by cathepsin B (So et al., 1997 [1302]). It is also resistant to proteolytic digestion by pepsin and proteinase K for 1 h at 37° (Polverino de Laureto et al. 2002 [1303]).
Nature of main cross-reacting proteins:

Not known

Allergen properties & biological function:
Lysozyme is an important part of the defence against bacterial infection of the egg. It is 2-4% of the protein in egg white (Vidal et al. 2005) [1260].
Allergen purification:

Roy et al. (2003) [1335] describes the simultaneous purification of lysozyme, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid from hen egg white. The crude egg white extract was passed through a cation exchanger (Streamline SP). and the bound lysozyme was eluted with 5% ammonium carbonate, pH 9.0, containing 1 M NaCl after elution of avidin. Lysozyme was further purified 639-fold on dye-linked cellulose beads.

Archer et al. (1990) [1362] reported one of the first successful heterologous expressions of a disulphide linked enzyme with lysozyme in Aspergillus.

Other biochemical information:

The structure of several complexes of lysozyme with specific antibody binding sites have been determined (Cauerhff et al. 2004 [1304]; Li et al. 2003 [1261]; Mohan et al. 2003 [1263]; Holmres et al. 2001 [1264]; Bentley, 1996 [1265]; Smith-Gill, 1996 [1266]) and lysozyme is the best understood example of a folded model protein antigen.

Hashida et al. (2002) [1271] showed that healthy fasted volunteers had serum concentrations of 1700 pg/ml. of lysozyme (as measured by immuno assay) one hour after eating 90 mg. of lysozyme.

So et al. (2001) [1272] show that lysozyme's allergenicity in a mouse model can be increased by engineering to make lysozyme less stable.

Hen egg white lysozyme is 95-96% identical with sequences from the eggs of birds such as quail and turkey. Other known bird lysozymes are at least 78% identical. Sequences from reptiles such as turtle are 68% identical while bovine milk lysozyme is 60% identical. IgE cross-reactivity would be expected between birds but has not been reported with mammalian lysozymes.


References (15)

Archer DB, Jeenes DJ, MacKenzie DA, Brightwell G, Lambert N, Lowe G, Radford SE, Dobson CM.
Hen egg white lysozyme expressed in, and secreted from, Aspergillus niger is correctly processed and folded. Biotechnology (N Y) 8(8):741-5. 1990
PUBMED ID: 1366900
[1362]
Bentley GA.
The crystal structures of complexes formed between lysozyme and antibody fragments. EXS. 75:301-319. 1996
PUBMED ID: 8765306
[1265]
Cauerhff A, Goldbaum FA, Braden BC.
Structural mechanism for affinity maturation of an anti-lysozyme antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101(10):3539-3544. 2004
PUBMED ID: 14988501
[1304]
Chang JY, Li L.
The unfolding mechanism and the disulfide structures of denatured lysozyme. FEBS Lett. 511(1-3):73-78. 2002
PUBMED ID: 11821052
[1301]
Hashida S, Ishikawa E, Nakamichi N, Sekino H.
Concentration of egg white lysozyme in the serum of healthy subjects after oral administration. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 29(1-2):79-83. 2002
PUBMED ID: 11906463
[1271]
Holmes MA, Buss TN, Foote J.
Structural effects of framework mutations on a humanized anti-lysozyme antibody. J Immunol. 167(1):296-301. 2001
PUBMED ID: 11418663
[1264]
Li Y, Li H, Yang F, Smith-Gill SJ, Mariuzza RA.
X-ray snapshots of the maturation of an antibody response to a protein antigen. Nat Struct Biol. 10(6):482-488. 2003
PUBMED ID: 12740607
[1261]
Mohan S, Sinha N, Smith-Gill SJ.
Modeling the binding sites of anti-hen egg white lysozyme antibodies HyHEL-8 and HyHEL-26: an insight into the molecular basis of antibody cross-reactivity and specificity. Biophys J. 85(5):3221-3236. 2003
PUBMED ID: 14581222
[1263]
Petersen SB, Jonson V, Fojan P, Wimmer R, Pedersen S.
Sorbitol prevents the self-aggregation of unfolded lysozyme leading to an up to 13 degrees C stabilisation of the folded form. J Biotechnol. 114(3):269-278. 2004
PUBMED ID: 15522436
[1300]
Polverino de Laureto P, Frare E, Gottardo R, Van Dael H, Fontana A.
Partly folded states of members of the lysozyme/lactalbumin superfamily: a comparative study by circular dichroism spectroscopy and limited proteolysis. Protein Sci. 11(12):2932-2946. 2002
PUBMED ID: 12441391
[1303]
Roy I, Rao MV, Gupta MN.
An integrated process for purification of lysozyme, ovalbumin, and ovomucoid from hen egg white. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 111(1):55-63. 2003
PUBMED ID: 14566069
[1335]
Smith-Gill SJ.
Molecular recognition of lysozyme by monoclonal antibodies. EXS. 75:277-300. 1996
PUBMED ID: 8765305
[1266]
So T, Ito H, Hirata M, Ueda T, Imoto T.
Contribution of conformational stability of hen lysozyme to induction of type 2 T-helper immune responses. Immunology 104(3):259-68. 2001
PUBMED ID: 11722640
[1272]
So T, Ito HO, Koga T, Watanabe S, Ueda T, Imoto T.
Depression of T-cell epitope generation by stabilizing hen lysozyme. J Biol Chem. 272(51):32136-40. 1997
PUBMED ID: 9405412
[1302]
Vidal ML, Gautron J, Nys Y.
Development of an ELISA for quantifying lysozyme in hen egg white. J Agric Food Chem. 53(7):2379-2385. 2005
PUBMED ID: 15796566
[1260]
This record was last modified on 18-Oct-2006
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